Sexual Orientation And Diversity In The Workforce

k at bingle timeledgeable Orientation And Diversity In The custodyTodays organizations ar becoming progressively diversified in m some(prenominal) ways. With evaluate to inner predilection, brisk, sapphic, epicene, and trans sex (LGBT) employees constitute virtuoso of the largest but least examine nonage radicals in the tendforce. Although invisible, versedity is at the core of each adders identity. Therefore, it poses a cast of complex ch totallyenges towards organizations and their human visions de bulge out manpowert. The Dont ask dont tell (DADT) insurance of the U.S. Military presents a striking example of the silence surrounding their identity on the escape take aback.In this paper, the impact of silencing as well as the ways in which the voice of LGBT employees and other invisible minorities keister be heard is studied. entranceDiversityDiversity includes cultural factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as track, gender, age, color, physical ability, ign ore origin, etc. The broader definition of mixture additionally includes religion, ethnicity, familiar predilection, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, physical visual aspect and economic status (Wentling and PalmaRivas, 2000). The word renewing is non contained in any report or law instead, it grew out of academic and popular agitate usage.Diversity in the manpowerWith respect to the exertionplace, conversion refers to the co- human beings of employees from miscellaneous socio-cultural backgrounds. any human creation is unique, but at the same time, e in truth one-on-one sh ars biological as well as environ custodytal characteristics with any group of others. In this context, novelty can be generally defined as recognition of the stack who sh be much(prenominal) common traits. These traits -the characteristics that come up a whole soul- both building blocke and divide us. In the empyrean of human resources (HR), however, the term kind can represent three major work definitions the politically correct term for role beauteousness/ approving action the recruitment and selection of ethnic groups and women the solicitude of individuals sharing a broad range of common traits.The stolon definition represents the most assign view of potpourri and is usually found in organizations without formal diversity policies or programs. The second definition reflects the reality of some diversity programs direction on transaction regulation c at a timerns. And finally, the last definition is the broadest and generally utilise in organizations containing diversity programs (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).Dimensions of diversityWhen talking most diversity, one should keep in mind the differences between primary and secondary winding dimensions. primary dimensions are those human differences that are innate and that confound a drastic impact on us. Age, ethnicity, race, gender, physical abilities/qualities and internal/affectional pencha nt are examples of primary dimensions at the heart of individual identities. Alternatively, secondary dimensions are much than changeable and can be discarded or modified during our lifetime. much(prenominal) dimensions add depth and individuality to our lives. Education, geographical location, marital status, income, soldiers experience, religion, work experience and parental status are illustrations of secondary dimensions. The primary and secondary dimensions can be represented as a circle, with the primary dimensions at the centre and the secondary dimensions surrounding them. An illustration of both groups of dimensions can be found in Figure 1(Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).Figure 1 primary winding and secondary dimensions of diversityIn any initial encounter, pack aim by the primary dimensions that are most readily observed age, gender, race and physical abilities/qualities. Since most individuals live in homogeneous communities, or at least in circumstances uttermost less diverse than our bon ton as a whole, their entry into the oeuvre whitethorn be a first encounter with a diverse population. During this kind of first encounter, phenomena such as stereotyping and prejudice might appear.Stereotyping works against peoples individuality and limits their potential. Generally, if the stereotype is that the person is not competent, then people may not perform competently. This illustrates that, to a large extent, people perform in line with the expectations placed on them. Clinging to negative stereotypes about people other than ourselves oversteps to prejudice, which means processing our stereotypes such that ones own sense of superiority to the members of that group is reinforced. It is the role of the appropriate institutions inside a country to recognize and eradicate both stereotyping and prejudice (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).Managing diversityManaging diversity can be defined asA planned systematic and comprehensive managerial process fo r baffleing an organisational environment in which all employees, with their similarities and differences, can contribute to the strategic and competitory advantage of the organization, and where no-one is excluded on the basis of factors unrelated to productivity (Thomas, 1996).On the work floor, managing diversity presents a key issue for governments as well as private organizations. Its importance has mainly been brought about by the free act of intentness due to globalization. The fight for human rights by certain minority groups, who feel excluded from the affair arena, discloses another impulse for the current significance of diversity counsel. Within the context of equal opportunities in the workplace, custody diversity again fly the coops a major role. This equal opportunity philosophy is aimed at ensuring that organizations make the most out of the uniqueness of a diverse workforce, which might go forer the organization to be more(prenominal)(prenominal) eff icient and effective, rather than losing talent. Broadly, diversity management is the systematic and planned commitment by the organizations to recruit, retain, reward and promote a heterogeneous mix of employees (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).Valuing diversityFor organizations to fight dissimilitude, it is essential to value diversity. This valuing starts with recognizing the fundamental difference between valuing diversity on the one hand, and employment equity and/or affirmative action on the other. Employment equity is an officially authorized set out to workplace contrariety. For instance, it is against the law to reject a person a job or job advantage because of age, race, versed orientation, gender or other primary characteristics. Affirmative action is a reaction to the under-use of protected groups in various job classes in which a business attempts to attract people from such groups because of their failure to do so in the past as a result of inequity. Valuing diversit y surpasses both concepts and trains to management designed to reap the benefits offered by a diversified workforce (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).Whereas affirmative action and employment equity are government-initiated, lawfully driven attempts to alter -from a quantitative standpoint- the composition of a participations workforce, valuing diversity is a company-specific, necessity-driven effort to alter -from a qualitative standpoint- the utilization of the companys workforce. In an organization that values diversity, managing diversity becomes a substitute for assimilation (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).Sexual orientationWithin the framework of diversity management, sexual orientation represents a non-observable or underlying type of diversity, as unlike to more visible traits such as race or gender. The reason is that gay, lesbian, and bisexual employees can choose to what extent they reveal their sexual orientation in the workplace. Lately, sexual orientation has received a growing amount of attention, including done the prohibition of employment discrepancy on the basis of sexual orientation for both private and worldly concern employees. Another indication of this increasing attention regards the mounting number of organizations that fight against this type of inequality. For instance, in the United States, in many another(prenominal) large organizations, Lesbian and Gay Employee Groups are demanding the exclusion of inequality based on sexual orientation, the provision of guidance to enhance gross profit margin in the work environment, and the equal treatment of significant others (e.g. relating to health premeditation benefits) (Van Hoye and Lievens, 2003).Parallel to the social and societal ripenings, there has been an increase in scientific investigation on sexual orientation in the workforce (Van Hoye and Lievens, 2003).Sexual orientation in the workforce Literature overviewThree research streams can be clearly distinguished within the literature on sexual orientation in the workplace. The first research stream studies the discrimination and minority status experienced by lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in the workplace. A second strand of studies takes the issue of coming out at work as the focal point. In fact, one of the work-related decisions that all gay, lesbian, and bisexual people face, is to what extent they unveil their sexual orientation on the work floor.The terce and last research stream relates to the more specific work-related issues of gay, lesbian, and bisexual employees (as opposed to the general character of the studies belonging to the first research stream) (Van Hoye and Lievens, 2003).Within the first research stream, it was found that the volume of gay, lesbian, and bisexual people have once experienced discrimination on the work floor (Croteau, 1996). Here, the construct of heterosexism seems to play a central role. Heterosexism can be defined as an ideologic system that denies, den igrates, and stigmatizes any non-heterosexual form of behavior, identity, relationship, or community (Herek, 1990). Research has present that heterosexism in the organization can lead to a decrease in perceived productivity, job contentment, organisational commitment, career dedication, and organization-based self-esteem. In addition, it can lead to an increases in perceived health problems, psychological distress, and turnover intentions among gay, lesbian, and bisexual employees (Van Hoye and Lievens, 2003).The end of the second research stream reveals that there are five divergent take aims of coming out, namely acting, passing, covering, implicitly out and explicitly out (Chung, 2001). Nevertheless, other possible classifications do exist. The concealment of ones sexual orientation has negative impressions at the individual level (depressing work attitudes, low job contentment, anxiety, etc.), group level (dysfunctional communication, low work team cohesion, etc.) as well a s organizational level (higher turnover and lower productivity) (Van Hoye and Lievens, 2003).To date, very few studies have taken the approach of the third research stream. An example of a scarcely studied topic within this field of research concerns the influence of the sexual orientation of job candidates on their evaluation by HR professionals. One of the motives that around no research has specifically examined the consequences of sexual orientation on hiring decisions, is that it is very difficult to examine this issue in field settings with real candidates. Thus, although the outcomes of such studies are insightful, not enough research has been carried out so far to draw sound conclusions.For an illustration of the sexual orientation policy of the liberation company (Scottish Agricultural College), see appendix. SAC is an innovative, knowledge-based organization supporting the development ofrural communities and industries. (MOET IK NOG TOEVOEGEN)Diversity policy worldwideI EDEREEN ZN STUKJE everyplace CONTINENTEN KOMT HIERThe United StatesWe first introduce the general conditions for acceptance of sexual diversity in America since these have shaped the context for coping with sexual diversity, and more specific LGBT, on the work floor . LGBTrights are very complex inthe Americas since acceptance of the phenomenon varies widely between Canada, the United States or the southboundern Americas. We will here focus on the United States (U.S.). In the U.S.,LGBT-related laws include amongst others government recognition of same-sex relationships,LGBT adoption, sexual orientation and military service, immigration equality, anti-discrimination laws, hate crime laws regardingviolence against LGBT people,sodomy laws, anti-lesbianismlaws, and higherages of consentfor same-sex activities. Generally, it was not until 2003 that sexual acts between persons of the same sex became legal in theU.S. However, many other laws are still not recognized on federal official l evel and a wide spread amongst states concerning the enabling of those laws exist. We will now discuss the policy concerning LGBT discrimination in the work environment in the U.S.Legislative policy the Employment no.-Discrimination bite (ENDA)Employment discriminationrefers to discriminatory employment practices such as bias in hiring, promotion, job assignment, termination, and compensation, and various types of harassment. (Source) In general there is no common law that states that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation is wrong and discrimination against employees who are gay, or simply appear to be gay, is legal in many workplaces in the U.S. (Ragin, 2004)The first bill on the subject of sexual orientation discrimination was introduced in social intercourse in 1974. However it was not until 1994 that theEmployment no-Discrimination Act(ENDA), a proposed bill in theUnited States intercoursethat would prohibitdiscriminationagainst employees on the basis ofsex ual orientationorgender identityby civilian, nonreligious employers with at least 15 employees, was introduced.1It failed in 1994 and 1995, though by 1996, missed passage in the Senate by a 49-50 vote. Until 2009, every proposal in the legislative history of introducing the law failed. Furthermore, many versions of the ENDA lone(prenominal) concerned LGB and did not include provisions that protecttransgenderpeople from discrimination. Currently, only twenty-two states have laws that ban sexual orientation discrimination California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin. As a result of the limited coverage of States that enabled the law, LGBT people face serious discrimination in employment, including being fired, being denied a promotion, and experiencing harassment on the job.2excess to the differentiation be tween the several states of the U.S., another distinction in employment discrimination based on sexual orientation that can be made involves the difference in coping with diversity between public and private arenas.3Extensive anti- discrimination legislation protecting public sector workers makes workers in the public sector less likely to be at random fired than workers at private companies. (Boris, 2010) As a result, the public sector in the United States is noticeably more racially diverse and gender balanced than the private sector. The more protective climate and diverse workforce in the public sector may result in LGBT individuals whim more comfortable in openly expressing their sexual orientation at work. If this is the case, the public sector may employ more openly LGBT employees. (Boris, 2010) carriage of employers and employees towards LGBT in the workforceGenerally, American workplaces have undergone a partial transition over the last quarter century when it comes to LGBT equality. Public attitudes toward homoeroticity became more liberal during the 1970s, then increasingly conservative through with(predicate) the 1980s, and then more liberal since 1990. (Roberson, 2009) Today, sexual orientation diversity is a key part of workplaces in the U.S. An estimated 8.8 million gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals live in the United States. (Bell et al., 2011) patch it is difficult to ascertain how many of these individuals are in the labor force, U.S. census data reveal that more than 86% of men and women in same-sex couples are employed, and that employment probabilities for gay men and lesbians lie below those of married heterosexual men, but above those of heterosexual women (Leppel, 2009).The issue on employment discrimination based on sexual orientation has become more authorised for many employers, workplace diversity programs have been major initiatives in US corporations over the last several years. ( sidereal day Schoenrade, 2000) An in crease in share of LGBT in the workforce since was already reported by HR managers in the eighties. (Day Schoenrade, 2000) In chemical reaction, in May of 1993, the Board of the Society for Human Resource guidance, the premiere national association of American human resource practitioners, passed a effect to include sexual orientation in its statement acclaiming the value of a diverse workforce (HR News, 1993). (Day Schoenrade, 2000)However, several surveys pose that LGBT on the work floor is far from an accepted concept, discriminating practices are laid out by several surveys. A first example appears from a 1990 U.S. census in where Allegretto and Arthur (2001) found that after controlling for differences associated with being married, gay men earned 2.4% less than their unmarried heterosexual counterparts. (Ragin, 2004) Another range of surveys that information behavior and acceptance concerning LGBT on the work floor is cited by Day Schoenrade (2000) A first example is a survey reported by the National Defense Research Institute in 1993, which found through several national public opinion polls that a majority of heterosexual American workers report being uncomfortable with the idea of working with homosexuals. (Day Schoenrade, 2000) When respondents were confronted with the issue of working with homosexuals, one study found that 27 portion said that they would prefer not to and 25 portion said that they would powerfully object. A second example involves a survey from Wall way ledger in 1993, which found that 66 percent of surveyed CEOs reported being reluctant to include a homosexual on a management committee. Leppel (2009) proved that discrimination on the basis of sexual rientation appears to drive up the unemployment of same-sex partners relative to that of married partners. Similarly, probabilities of being out of the labor force for same-sex partners are greater than those of heterosexual men and less than those of heterosexual women. (Le ppel, 2009)Several reasons were sought-after(a) for these discriminating behavior against LGBT. One persisting cause in the U.S. is the existence of strong religious desires. A survey of Kansas Citians found that 47 percent felt that their religious beliefs and morality strongly conflicted with homosexuality (Day, 2011). Other issues involving a negative attitude towards LGBT in the workforce are related to heterosexism and homophobia in organizational America today. (Gedro, 2010)Human resource management and LGBTAn appropriate approach of human resource management to LGBT in the workforce is urgent because the twist in American society for more and more gay men and lesbians to make their sexual orientation known since this openness may develop conflicts in the workplace (Day Schoenrade, 2000) There is some evidence that human resource departments are not fully supporting this growing contract. For example, a savor of human resource professionals found that even though most be lieve that sexual orientation must be formally addressed in the workplace, and that they would individually speak out against anti-gay acts, only 20 percent of their companies have diversity programs that specifically address gay and lesbian work issues. (Day Schoenrade, 2000) This increase openness in sexual orientation may overly be a reason for an increasing experiencing of LGB employees as a symbolic threat. Although a law has been approved, many Americans still oppose gay marriage. One consequence of this is that some heterosexual employees may experience symbolic threat when set about with LGB co-workers who are out at work and wish to bring their partners to company social events. Ragin (2004) already presumed that this symbolic threat of homosexuality could increase if gay marriages would be legalized in some states, and LGB workers could bring their spouses to workplace events. (Ragin, 2004)Attitude of labor inwardnesss towards LGBT in the workforceOne interesting aspec t is how labor unions U.S. are reacting to the recent discussions on sexual orientation in the workforce since unions, as democratic organizations , have a social obligation to represent the interests of all of their members. (Boris, 2010) However this can cause problems when the majority interest conflict with issues of cellular inclusion and social justice for the minority such as LGBT employees. This might lead to the exclusion of minority interests or groups within unions. It should be noted that there is a strong differentiation between the several unions in their response to this minority group. As many research has pointed out, oddly geomorphologic and demographic factors help to determine an American unions level of responsiveness to sexual diversity with American unions. (Boris, 2010) Gender mattered as unions with a female majority were more likely to address the concerns of LGBT members. Other examples of factors playing a role in determining a unions response to LGBT is sues are the role of individual office on the part of union leading, activists, and rank-and-file union members. (Boris, 2010)DADT policy in the U.S. militaryAn example frequently cited when discussing LGBT policies in the U.S. is the issue of gay policy in the U.S. military. In 1993, new laws and regulations pertaining to homosexuals and U.S. military service came into effect reflecting a agree in policy. This compromise, colloquially referred to as dont ask, dont tell, holds that the presence in the armed forces of persons who demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion which are the essence of military capability. (Burelli Feder, 2009) Service members are not to be asked about nor allowed to discuss their homosexuality. This compromise notwithstanding, the issue has outrideed politically contentious. (Burelli Feder, 2009) epoch the decision to remain in the closet may be a functional and adaptive reaction to a hostile work environment, it too increases the risk and stress associated with losing control over the disclosure process. (Ragin, 2004)Recent go up in enabling discrimination lawsIn recent years, several members of Congress have expressed interest in amending dont ask, dont tell. At least one bill that would repeal the law and replace it with a policy of nondiscrimination on the basis of sexual orientation-H.R. 1283-has been introduced in the 111th Congress. (Burelli Feder, 2009) An Act of Congress providing a instrument to repeal Dont ask, dont tell was signed into law by PresidentObama on 22 December 2010. As of February 2011, the Pentagon has started starting to dismantle DADT.Regarding the ENDA, we have to remain patient. In 2011, the U.S. Senate will reintroduce the Employment zero(prenominal)-Discrimination Act (ENDA) in the 112th congress. In the meanwhile, hundreds of companies in U.S. have enacted po licies protecting their lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees. As of March 2011, 433 (87 percent) of the tidy sum 500 companies had implemented non-discrimination policies that include sexual orientation, and 229 (46 percent) had policies that include gender identity.4AfricaThe issue of workforce diversity has not been a key problem in Africa before as much as it is today. Together with globalization and the need for an increasing number of organizations to spread globally to reach customers worldwide, the concept of diversity management gained attention. Managers must recognize the need for understanding more about the diverse workforce, which is deeper than what we see at the surface level (Henry and Evans, 2007).During the 1990s, the liberalization of economies and structural adjustment policies, brought about by the Brentwood institutions, opened the doors to free market economies, especially in Africa. These free market economies have stimulated the free effort of labor as a commodity, which in turn has resulted in an increasingly diversified workforce across the continent. Further, the privatization of most of the state-owned enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa also created an open door for migration of labor from all over the world (Henry and Evans, 2007). southernmost AfricaTo meet the challenges of the twenty-first century, as in many other countries, due south African businesses must address the best and brightest employees. Moreover, managers should understand that they can only compete successfully if they recognize the emergence of the diversified workforce and take care the means to harness its energies, talents and differences for tomorrows challenges (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).The major groups providing diversity in the southeastward African workforce are ethnic groups, women, younger workers, South Africans with disabilities and minority groups in the context of sexual orientation. With respect to the latter, it seems that at least 10% of the South African population is homosexual. This means that 10% of the men and women in the workforce, representing around one million people, are gay.However, while the workforce is increasingly diversifying, discrimination still presents an enormous problem in South Africa. In fact, research demonstrates that discrimination still exists in organizations, and that many South African workers still suffer from employment discrimination. Within the organization, its up to the HR professionals to develop and enforce policies and measures that protect the diversified workforce against illicit discrimination.To rectify the injustices of the past, the South African government has come to some actions. Amongst others, the following legislation has been introduced the poke Relations Act, No. 66 of 1995 (as amended) the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act, No. 108 of 1996 the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, No. 75 of 1997 (BCEA) (as amended) the Employment Equ ity Act, No. 55 of 1998 (EEA) the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, No. 4 of 2000 and a Code of Good Practice on the handling of sexual harassment included in the Labour Relations Act (Section 203(1)).For example, Section 9 (2) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (No. 108 of 1996) states that The State may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including age, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth (Grobler, Wrnich et al., 2006).ANDERE INTERESSANTE ZAKEN DIE NOG KUNNEN GEBRUIKT WORDENLGBT military lawsHomosexuals allowed to serve in the military Homosexuals banned from serving repeal of policy underwayHomosexuals banned from serving (or homosexuality illegal)Data not on tap(predicate)ReferencesBell, M. P., -zbiligin, M. F., Beauregard, T. A., Srgevil, O. (2011). Voice, silence, and diversity in 21st century organizations strategies for inclusion of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender employees. gentle Resource Management, 50(1), 131 146. doi 10.1002/hrm.Boris, M. B. (2010). Identity at work U.S. labor union efforts to address sexual diversity through policy and practice. Advances in industrial and Labor Relations, 17, 185-205. Elsevier. doi 10.1108/S0742-6186(2010)0000017009.Burrelli, D. F., Feder, J. (2009). Homosexuals and the U . S . Military Current Issues.Chung, Y. B. (2001). extend discrimination and coping strategies Conceptual frameworks for counseling lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. The Career instruction Quarterly,50, 33-44.Croteau, J. M. (1996). Research on the work experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people An integrative go over of methodology and findings. Journal of Vocational Behavior,48, 195-209.Day, N. E. (2011). US small company leaders religious motivation and other-directed organizational values. I nternational Journal of Entrepreneurial doings Research, 17(4).Day, N. E., Schoenrade, P. (2000). The relationship among reported disclosure of sexual orientation, anti-discrimination policies, top management support and work attitudes of gay and lesbian employees. force play Review, 29(3), 346-363. doi 10.1108/00483480010324706.Gedro, J. (2010). Lesbian presentations and representations of leadership, and the implications for HRD. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(6), 552-564. doi 10.1108/03090591011061220.Grobler, P., Wrnich, S., Carrell, M.R., Elbert, N.F. and Hatfield, R.D. (2006). Human Resource Management In South Africa. 3rd edition. Thomson Learning. 571p.Henry, O. and Evans, A.J. (2007). Critical review of literature on workforce diversity. African Journal of Business Management,72-76.Herek, G. M. (1990). The context of anti-gay violence Notes on cultural and psychological heterosexism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 316-333.Hopper, J. E., Salvaggio, N. (2008). Report from SIOP diversifying diversity woful beyond race and gender Professional Insights. Equal Opportunities International, 27(5), 465-470. doi 10.1108/02610150810882314.Huffman, A. H., Watrous-Rodriguez, K. M., King, E. B. (2008). back up a diverse workforce what type of support is most meaning(prenominal) for lesbian and gay employees? Human Resource Management, 47(2), 237-253. doi 10.1002/hrm.Leppel, K. (2009). Labour impression Status and Sexual Orientation. Economica, 76(301), 197-207. doi 10.1111/j.1468-0335.2007.00676.x.Ragins, B. R. (2004). Sexual orientation in the workplace the unique work and career experiences of gay , lesbian and bisexual workers. Personnel and Human Resources Management, 23, 35-120. doi 10.1016/S0742-7301(04)23002-X.Roberson, B. E. J. (2009). Equality for Lesbian , Gay , sissyish , and Transgendered Employees in the Modern American Workplace Equality for Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , and Transgendered Employees in the Modern American Wo rkplace.Schoenrade, P., College, W. J. (2000). The relationship among reported disclosure of sexual orientation , anti-discrimination policies , top management support and work attitudes of gay and lesbian employees. Personnel Review, 29(3), 346-363.Swan, E. (2010). A testing time, full of potential? Gender in management, histories and futures. Gender in Management An International Journal, 25(8), 661-675. doi 10.1108/17542411011092327.Thomas. (1996). op. cit., pp. 101-103.Van Hoye, G. and Lievens, F. (2003). The do of Sexual Orientation on Hirability Ratings An Experimental Study. Journal of Business and psycho